联系方式

  • QQ:99515681
  • 邮箱:99515681@qq.com
  • 工作时间:8:00-23:00
  • 微信:codinghelp2

您当前位置:首页 >> Algorithm 算法作业Algorithm 算法作业

日期:2019-10-22 11:14

Questions

Install the R package CASdatasets in your computer. This package includes a

collection of datasets, originally for the book “Computational Actuarial Science with R”

edited by Arthur Charpentier (CAS with R). The package contains a large variety of actuarial

datasets. It can be downloaded from the website:

Third party insurance is a compulsory insurance for vehicle owners in Australia. It insures

vehicle owners against injury caused to other drivers, passengers or pedestrians, as a result of

an accident. Download the dataset ausprivauto0405. This dataset is based on one- year

vehicle insurance policies taken out in 2004 or 2005. There are 67856 policies, of which 4624

(6.8%) had at least one claim. First, let us consider the variable ClaimNb, which is the

number of claims made in this period.

(a) Fit a Poisson and negative binomial distributions to the empirical distribution of this

discrete variable. Select the best fitting model based on at least two model

selection criteria.

Now consider the following explanatory variables: the variable vehValue represents the

vehicle value in $10,000s. In addition, you must create and Intercept column and two

indicator variables: the age of the vehicle, vehAge (1 — old cars or oldest cars, 0 —

otherwise) and the age of the driver drivAge (1 — old people, older work, people and

oldest people, 0 — otherwise). Also Exposure refers to the time exposed to risk for each

policyholder during this period of time. Detailed information about this dataset can be

found in the book:

? De Jong, Piet, and Heller Gillian H. 2008. Generalized linear models for insurance data.

International series on actuarial science. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

(b) By justifying the use of the logarithmic link function fit a Poisson GLM to this

dataset to explain the number of claims in terms of the covariates. Include an

intercept, linear term for the vehicle value, indicator for the age of the vehicle and

age of the driver. Also include the exposure term in the linear predictor. Use also

suitable starting values. Give some comments on the parameter estimates. Is it

justified the use of the Poisson GLM to explain this set of data?

(c) For the negative binomial model show that V ar(Y ) = r β (1 + β).

(d) By denoting μ = E(Y ), find a new parametrization of the pmf of the negative

binomial distribution in terms of f(y|r, μ). Show that this new parametrization can

be expressed in exponential family form. Interpret the new parameters.

(e) By choosing appropriate initial values, use the Fisher-Scoring algorithm to fit a

negative binomial GLM in the form found in part (d) to this set of data. Include

an intercept, linear term for the vehicle value, indicator for the age of the vehicle

and age of the driver. Also include the exposure term in the linear predictor. Use

the same link function as in part (b). You should provide the maximum likelihood

estimates and their corresponding standard errors for each iteration. Give also the

maximum value of the log-likelihood function. Stop iterating when the absolute

value of each component of the score vector is smaller than 1×10?10. Write out the

model fitted showing the estimated regression coefficients. Calculate the variance–

covariance matrix associated to the estimates.

(f) Using the estimates derived in (e), test the statistical significance of adding an

indicator variable for the age of the driver when an intercept, linear term for the

vehicle value, indicator for the age of the vehicle are already included in the model.

Conduct the test at the 5% significance level.

(g) Compare the fit of the Poisson GLM and negative binomial GLM in terms of two

measures of model selection.

(h) Derive the expressions of Pearson’s residuals and deviance residuals for both models.

Use Quantile-Quantile (QQ) plots for assessing accuracy in the fit of both models

in terms of these residuals. Give comments about these graphs.

Page 3 of 5

Pearson’s and deviance residuals are far from normality when the response variable is

discrete and includes a high number of zero responses and they fail to provide useful

information of the inadequacy of the model. For that reason, we consider the randomized

quantile residuals as defined in:

Dunn, P. and Smyth, G. (1996). Randomized quantile residuals. Journal of Computational

and Graphical Statistics, 5(3):236–244.

(i) Use QQ plots for assessing accuracy in the fit of both models in terms of the randomized

quantile residuals for the negative binomial GLM. Give comments about

these graphs.

The variable ClaimAmount contains the sum of the claim payment for each policyholder

(0 if no claim). In the following, we only consider claims amount larger than zero.

(j) Plot the histogram of the empirical distribution of ClaimAmount for values of the

claims size less than $50,000. Then fit the lognormal and inverse gaussian distributions

given to this set of data by the method of maximum likelihood. Superimpose

the graphs of their densities to the histogram of the empirical distribution. Give

comments about the application of the likelihood ratio test for these distributions.

(k) The Value-at-Risk (VaR) is a standard risk measure that it is used to calculate

exposure to risk. In general, the VaR is the amount of capital required to ensure

that the company does not become technically insolvent. The VaR of a random

variable X is the 100-pth percentile of the distribution of X. Calculate the VaR

at 90%, 95% and 99% security levels. Compare the models. Comments on the

limitations of VaR.

(l) The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test is useful in testing the null hypothesis H0

that a sample x comes from a probability distribution function F(x). The K–S

test rejects the null hypothesis if the maximum absolute difference between F(x)

and the empirical cumulative distribution function F?

n(x) is large. Assume that

the parameters for each model are specified by the maximum likelihood estimates.

For each continuous model quote the null and alternative hypotheses. State and

calculate the value of the test statistic using the analytical expression for the test

statistic (i.e. do not use built-in functions), calculate the p-value1 and give the

conclusion of the test.

Page 4 of 5

1For the calculation of the p-value, use Monte Carlo simulation, under the null hypothesis, one simulation

involves first simulating 4,623 observations from each model (e.g. sample size) to calculate the

K-S test statistics. Then, use 10,000 simulations to estimate the p-value. The estimated p-value is the

proportion of simulations for which the test exceeds the K-S test statistic.

Appendix:

? The probability mass function of the negative binomial distribution:

? Probability density function of the inverse gaussian distribution:


版权所有:留学生编程辅导网 2020 All Rights Reserved 联系方式:QQ:99515681 微信:codinghelp 电子信箱:99515681@qq.com
免责声明:本站部分内容从网络整理而来,只供参考!如有版权问题可联系本站删除。 站长地图

python代写
微信客服:codinghelp