代写Data Cleaning、R编程语言调试、R设计代做

日期：2020-01-30 10:54

Lab 2: Data Cleaning/Preparation and Visualization

Stats 10: Introduction to Statistical Reasoning

Winter 2020

All rights reserved, Adam Chaffee and Michael Tsiang, 2017-2020.

Do not post, share, or distribute anywhere or with anyone without explicit permission.

Some exercises based on labs by Nicolas Christou.

Objectives

1. Understand logical statements and subsetting

2. Reinforce knowledge on visualization techniques

Collaboration Policy

In Lab you are encouraged to work in pairs or small groups to discuss the concepts on the

assignments. However, DO NOT copy each other’s work as this constitutes cheating. The work

you submit must be entirely your own. If you have a question in lab, feel free to reach out to

other groups or talk to your TA if you get stuck.

Intro Logical Statements/Relational Operators

Logical Expressions: Type ?Comparison to see the R documentation on the list of all relational

operators you can apply. Many logical expressions in R use these relational operators.

Try running the lines of code below that use the relational operators >, >=, <=, ==, !=:

4 > 3 # Is 4 greater than 3?

c(3, 8) >= 3 # Is 3 or 8 greater than or equal to 3?

c(3, 8) <= 3 # Is 3 or 8 less than or equal to 3?

c(1, 4, 9) == 9 # Is 1, 4, or 9 exactly equal to 9?

c(1, 4, 9) != 9 # Is 1, 4, or 9 not (exactly) equal to 9?

Notice that the output is a logical vector (i.e., uses TRUE and FALSE) that has the length of the

vector on the left of the relational statement.

Applications of logical statements: calculations

We can perform certain calculations on logical vectors because R reads TRUE as 1 and FALSE

as 0. Create the NCbirths object from last lab and try these examples:

sum(NCbirths$weight > 100) #the number of babies that weighed more than 100 ounces

mean(NCbirths$weight > 100) #the proportion of babies that weighed more than 100 ounces

mean(NCbirths$gender == "Female") #the proportion of female babies

mean(NCbirths$gender != "Male") #gives the proportion of babies not assigned male

Applications of logical statements: subsets

We can combine logical statements with square brackets to subset data based on conditions.

Examples with NCbirths:

fem_weights <- NCbirths$weight[NCbirths$gender == "Female"]

With the line above we created a vector called fem_weights that contains the weights of all the

female babies. We can combine multiple conditions using &&, and |, but these will be discussed

in future labs.

Good coding practices

Please consider implementing the following in your code:

1. Use the pound symbol (#) often to comment on different code sections. Consider using

them to label your exercise numbers and question parts, and to help describe what your

code does.

2. Use good spacing. Adding a space between arguments and inside of functions makes

your code easier to read. You can also skip lines for clarity.

3. Create as many objects as you like to make it easier to follow. For example, consider my

line above creating the fem_weights object. An alternative way to code this using best

practices is below:

## Create an object with the baby weights from NCbirths

baby_weight <- NCbirths$weight

## Create an object with the baby genders from NCbirths

baby_gender <- NCbirths$gender

## Create a logical vector to describe if the gender is female

is_female <- baby_gender == "Female"

## Create the vector of weights containing only females

fem_weights <- baby_weight[is_female]

Exercise 1

We will be working with lead and copper data obtained from the residents of Flint, Michigan

from January-February, 2017. Data are reported in PPB (parts per billion, or μg/L) from each

residential testing kit. Remember that “Pb” denotes lead, and “Cu” denotes copper. You can

learn more about the Flint water crisis at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis.

a. Download the data from CCLE and read it into R. When you read in the data, name your

object “flint”.

b. The EPA states a water source is especially dangerous if the lead level is 15 PPB or greater.

What proportion of the locations tested were found to have dangerous lead levels?

c. Report the mean copper level for only test sites in the North region.

d. Report the mean copper level for only test sites with dangerous lead levels (at least 15 PPB).

e. Report the mean lead and copper levels.

f. Create a box plot with a good title for the lead levels.

g. Based on what you see in part (f), does the mean seem to be a good measure of center for the

data? Report a more useful statistic for this data.

Exercise 2

The data here represent life expectancies (Life) and per capita income (Income) in 1974 dollars

for 101 countries in the early 1970’s. The source of these data is: Leinhardt and Wasserman

(1979), New York Times (September, 28, 1975, p. E-3). They also appear on Regression

Analysis by Ashish Sen and Muni Srivastava. You can access these data in R using:

life <- read.table("http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~nchristo/statistics12/countries_life.txt",

header = TRUE)

a. Construct a scatterplot of Life against Income. Note: Income should be on the horizontal axis.

How does income appear to affect life expectancy?

b. Construct the boxplot and histogram of Income. Are there any outliers?

c. Split the data set into two parts: One for which the Income is strictly below $1000, and one for

which the Income is at least $1000. Come up with your own names for these two objects.

d. Use the data for which the Income is below $1000. Plot Life against Income and compute the

correlation coefficient. Hint: use the function cor()

Exercises continue on the next page

Exercise 3

Use R to access the Maas river data. These data contain the concentration of lead and zinc in

ppm at 155 locations at the banks of the Maas river in the Netherlands. You can read the data in

R as follows:

maas <- read.table("http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~nchristo/statistics12/soil.txt", header = TRUE)

a. Compute the summary statistics for lead and zinc using the summary() function.

b. Plot two histograms: one of lead and one of log(lead).

c. Plot log(lead) against log(zinc). What do you observe?

d. The level of risk for surface soil based on lead concentration in ppm is given on the table

below:

Mean concentration (ppm) Level of risk

Below 150 Lead-free

Between 150-400 Lead-safe

Above 400 Significant environmental lead hazard

Use techniques similar to last lab to give different colors and sizes to the lead concentration at

these 155 locations. You do not need to use the maps package create a map of the area. Just plot

the points without a map.

Exercise 4

The data for this exercise represent approximately the centers (given by longitude and latitude)

of each one of the City of Los Angeles neighborhoods. See also the Los Angeles Times project

on the City of Los Angeles neighborhoods at: http://projects.latimes.com/mappingla/neighborhoods/.

You can access these data at:

LA <- read.table("http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~nchristo/statistics12/la_data.txt", header = TRUE)

a. Plot the data point locations. Use good formatting for the axes and title. Then add the outline

of LA County by typing:

map("county", "california", add = TRUE)

b. Do you see any relationship between income and school performance? Hint: Plot the variable

Schools against the variable Income and describe what you see. Ignore the data points on the plot

for which Schools = 0. Use what you learned about subsetting with logical statements to first

create the objects you need for the scatter plot. Then, create the scatter plot. Alternate methods

may only receive half credit.