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日期：2025-04-20 08:19

Recognition, relationality, & representation-

Participation in responsible & sustainable business

practices

MGF5020 S2 1, 2025

Presentation title 1

Questioning production patterns to

ensure responsible consumption.

2

Learning outcomes (1, 2, 3, &5).

Department unit learning outcome (ULO) for all Units:

Demonstrate knowledge or skills for crafting sustainable futures for

people, organisations, communities, and/or the environment

? Discuss the concept of recognition and the relational approach. -struggles for

recognition

? Explain the perspectives of feminist and Indigenous ethics of care.

? Describe how these ethical perspectives interact with the concepts of relationality,

responsibility, rights, and equity -the ideas that are underpinned by the idea of

recognition .

? Interpret and elaborate on representation , struggle for Recognition and innovative

ideas for participation

Week3: Learning Objectives

Discuss the concept of recognition and the

relational approach -struggles for recognition

by bringing back the idea of global constituency

-why we need to grasp the meaning of global

constituency

-How this perspective interacts with the idea of responsibility

& ethical decision-making

- Recognition

- Relationality

- Responsibility and rights

Presentation title 3

Global constituency : The Rana Plaza Accident& Compliance

based approach

4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0fr4O1_M1s

Ethical Trading Initiative in case of the global

supply chain of apparel - Example of

relationality and responsibility in relation to

others.

:

Should MNCs be required to observe

fundamental human rights (and be liable

for their violation)?

?Why is this an issue now? (Are

companies really behaving worse?)

?Should we extend human rights

responsibilities to corporate actors?

?(Will discuss more in week 8)

Global constituency : The Rana Plaza Accident& Compliance

based approach

5

The reality of workers of the

Rana plaza Tower

Should MNCs be required to

observe fundamental human

rights (and be liable for their

violation)?

?Why is this an issue now?

(Are companies really

behaving worse?)

?Should we extend human

rights responsibilities to

corporate actors?

?(Will discuss more in week 8)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0fr4O1_M1s

Ethical Trading Initiative in case of the global supply chain

of apparel - Example of relationality and responsibility in

relation to others.:

Political Consumerism / the notion of global constituency

? The activities of MNCs have raised moral questions in relation to sweatshops, child labour, human rights and

environmental degradation

? Collected /global responsibility (Sen.,2000/2013).

Marketization and globalism are the contextual conditions of the emergence of this consumer society if this is the

dominant sphere.

? Unit of analysis: Supply chain and recognition of vulnerable stakeholders

Actions are: the functioning of multiple stakeholders by mobilizing multiple channels or the public sphere for

recognition that is underpinned by the idea of equity.

We notice the functioning of the multiple public spheres that exemplify the care for others or women

workers. Herein lies the implications of the term global constituency.

Political consumerism or responsible consumption

6

Challenges of Globalisation: Global ethics issues

The emergence of the Accord and Alliance implied the enacting of compliance measures by the

multi-level stakeholders- as the official public sphere that included brands, suppliers and the

NGOs working on workers’ rights.

.

In a similar way, the Accord and Alliance emerged because of the recognition of women workers’ plight

by the global constituency.

Fraser and Spivak discuss relational recognition or situated aspects of recognition.

This recognised nonrecognition is an institutionalized social relation and exemplifies a status injury -

the expendable life of the women workers

.

Presentation title 7

key characteristics of fast fashion and how they contribute to sustainability issues

within the industry

Fast fashion is low-cost, low-quality, on-trend apparel, and it dominates the modern fashion industry.

Retailers such as H&M, Zara, Topshop, Forever 21, and Old Navy are examples.

? Within the fast fashion model of production, the concept of “seasons” is practically obsolete

? The use of low-quality materials and manufacturing processes, leading to rock-bottom prices.

Unlike a traditional retailer, the markups between wholesale and retail prices are minimal—with the companies relying on high

sales volume for-profit and banking on selling almost all their stock.

Fast fashion is also, unfortunately, the driver behind much of the human rights and environmental

challenges present within the fashion industry.

? Labour and Human Rights Abuses in the Fashion Industry

? Environmental Consequences of the Fashion IndustRY - textile manufacturing facility uses 1.6 million litres of water per day

(Kahn & Malik, 2014)

Presentation title 8

Political Consumerism / the notion of global constituency

Four major forms of political consumerism:

? Boycotting through pressure tactics that included boycotts the anti-sweatshop campaign took place

back in 1990s

? Buycotting: Juxtaposing campaigns urging consumers to not buy particular brands or purchase from

certain retailers,

buycotts encourage consumers to “buy better” and support “good” companies and products.

? Lifestyle: s underlying campaigns focused on buying socially and environmentally

? responsible fashion Both the slow fashion movement and fashion-related product service systems

are consumer lifestyle strategies gaining traction in response to fast fashion.

? Discursive strategies: In the fashion industry, discursive strategies (communicative and

noneconomic actions intended to generate consumer understanding about an issue) as a form of

political consumerism can be effective. European campaigns tend to focus more on discursive

strategies.

Presentation title 9

Global constituency from relational recognition and struggles for recognition

Slowly, global consciousness evolved or evolved surrounding the issue increased and a transnational, grassroots

network of activists advocating for improved human rights in garment factories emerged demonstrating political

consumerism activity

By the end of the twentieth century, the antisweatshop movement had successfully contributed towards

initiating change within the fashion industry.

Presentation title 10

As human beings we are inherently relational and responsive beings.

? Ethical Awareness may arise

-Empathy- Relationality and situatedness in recognition

-Reflexivity or reflexive thinking –cause and effects (eg, where our clothes come

from)?Responsibility: Engagement & involvement or avoidance

Feminist and indigenous Perspectives of Ethics

of care: Recognition and relationality

Presentation title 11

Integrating recognition as a matter of ‘the right’ and equity- participating as a peer in social life

and addressing the injustice

Integrity-based approaches are mainly rooted in the situated concerns and demonstrate Praxis: aligning

concerns/ genuine commitments to performative actions and for constituting the common good.

The Ethic of Care: Four Key Elements

An ethic of care implies

a. Attention to particular others in actual contexts

b. Empathetic understanding

c. Relationship Awareness: this is an issue of recognition by going our

own accounts , so accountability

d. Harmony: one must respond in a way that balance is preserved and

nurtured.

A commitment to dialogue as the primary means of moral deliberation

Presentation title 12

Three Conditions:

1. A relationship exists.

2. A need for care exists.

3. We have the ability to provide care

(Spivak, )

The Ethics of Care

? The ethics of care stresses the moral force of the responsibility to respond to the

needs of the call – who sends the call

“To care and to be cared for”.

? It values moral emotions such as “sympathy, empathy, sensitivity, and

responsiveness,” and even “anger may be a component of the moral indignation that

should be felt when people are treated unjustly or inhumanely. (Held, 2006, 10) .

In the Ethic of Care, one seeks to develop a skill at giving care appropriately all the while

balancing the amount of care necessary to sustain oneself. Since there is a goal:

Presentation title 13

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1bxBWfwelk

https://www.benjerry.com/values

Feminist Ethics and ethics of care

14

One is not born, but rather

becomes, a woman.” The Second

Sex –(1949).

Simone de Beauvoir

? One's life has value so long as one attributes

value to the life of others, by means of love,

friendship, indignation and compassion.

? All oppression creates a state of war.

? Sensitivity to the needs of others

? the feeling of responsibility for taking

care

Joan Acker –1989).

Doing comparable worth:

gender, class,

and pay equity

Questions of inequality & identity

Inequality regimes in the

organisational context –

Application of feminist ethics

The ethics of care

15

In a Different Voice-

? Different voice”—a voice that joined self with relationship and reason with emotion.

? Focuses on actual rather than hypothetical situations

?it is the ethic of a democratic society – recognition and representation

-Invokes “asymmetrical reciprocity”

- shared” expectations

“ -ethics of representation” can sensitize

?An ethics of care is key to human survival and also to the realization of a global society.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W_9MozRoKE

, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvZGkqZtueM

Held, 2006

Gilligan, Carol, In a Different Voice,

Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University

Press, 1982

Presentation title 16

Fraser and Spivak - Current critical feminist scholars

- address and attend to the voices of others – that is, focusing on recognition

? The concept of recognition as the ultimate foundation of ethical and political

sustainability

Questioning institutionalized status. Because institutionalized patterns as cultural values already

constituted some actors as inferior, excluded, wholly other or simply invisible, hence as less

than full partners in social interaction, that is, misrecognition and status subordination. [ fyi

Additional readings ]

Justice Model

Emphasis on Autonomy

Rule & principle directed

Appeal to what is just

Focus on integrity

Ethic of Care

Emphasis on Relationships

Context dependent

Appeal to “compromise &

accommodation”

Focus on caring

responsiveness

Traditional ethical theories tend to be individualistic, the ethics of care,

Gilligan : says that

The roots cause is

humans we are by nature

empathic and responsive

beings

Jake: “Stealing is wrong”

Amy: “It depends,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sfxwf-or3qg

Insights from Feminist ethics

1. Relationality

? ethical self-other relations are intersubjective and interdependent

? identity is relational, not autonomous

? relational intimacy is more important than autonomy

2. Responsibility:

? sensitivity to the needs of others as overriding concern

? taking rather than having responsibility

3. Affectivity and representation : developing a critical friendship

? interest in the perspectives of marginalised groups and individuals

? broader awareness of the multitude of human interactions possible (social sensitivity)

? broader awareness of the multitude of ethical dimensions of human behaviour (ethical

sensitivity)

? reaction to oppression and systematic subordination

17

Feminist ethics and business ethics-

Do you find anything problematic here ?

.1.Does it offer a business case for

creating relational well-being and

wealth?

2.Do you think inter-connectedness is a

'massive illusion?

Wisdom values through an ethic of care kaitiakitanga

(stewardship)- indigenous perspectives

Maori English translation

aroha Love, care, compassion

hau Promote, and maintain vitality

hapai Uplift others

kotahitanga Create alliance; unity, connectedness

manaaki Respect, kindness

matauranga Knowledge, understanding, skill

m?hio Realize, recognize

pono Honesty, truthfulness

tawhito Expert, authority

tika Just, right, correct, appropriate behaviour

whakapapa honouring of ancestors, recognition of the human

connectedness to all of creation

whanaungatanga Relationship

? Spiritual -conscious wellbeing: Rimú , and Miro,

Miro , a guide saw a spiritual contribution in being able to 'give of yourself

Rimu explained the contribution Maori could make to the world through the

energy of togetherness

? Cultural well-being: fostering economic activity that does not erode culture in the

process and basis is ethic of right way.

? .Social wellbeing- Social-Mana - the ethic of power for creating the common good

? Environmental wellbeing -kaitiaki, a steward and guardian of the earth's resource

? Economic- long-term equivalence is by adding value.

? Hence meaning well-being that is consciously created.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7oxLaYsvP0

Five well-being- Relational Well-Being and Wealth

Describe how perspective of ethics of care

interact with the idea of responsibility and rights,

and justice

Presentation title 21

We denote transitions:

From the narrow focus on individual virtues, values, and behaviour” towards

stakeholders [the contractual relations with a business, such as their

employer), and with the rules of governance[ the laws and regulations that

dictate rights and duties within and for this business]

Feminist perspectives of ethics of care structure recognition and relationality in

ethical practice and ask to consider-

- beyond corporate governance and the "beyond-compliance" norms [beyond so-

called stockholder and stakeholder perspectives of governance and management]

& shows that the responsibility links equity [recognition and right] and principles

of justice beyond compliance obligations.

Presentation title 22

Constructing of common values of responsibility based on the four ethical principles of

protection of the human person: autonomy, dignity,

integrity, and vulnerability (Rendtorff & Kemp, 2000).

Recognition and relationality : Fraser and from the feminists' perspectives

The recognition orientation seeks to develop a new normative paradigm that puts recognition at its centre.

It -Claims for the recognition of difference imply how paradigms of justice usually aligned with ‘morality’ can

handle

Construing the first as a matter of ‘the right’ and the second as a matter of ‘the good’,

Social movements, particularly for scholars who understand gender as a social relation, look at the recognition

of gender differences.

Requires decoupling of cultural politics from social politics, of the politics of difference from the politics of

equality

Recognition works for redistribution

Recognition denotes how the idea of responsibility works based on the relational

approach.

Presentation title

Cont…

Recognition works for redistribution.

And from ‘redistribution’ to ‘recognition

While the former concept is tied to a vision of justice, which aims to achieve social equality through a redistribution of the

material necessities for existence as free subjects, in the latter concept, the conditions for a just society come to be

defined as the recognition of the personal dignity of all individuals (Fraser, 1995).

Then ‘dignity’ or ‘recognition’-

the current phenomenon of a ‘politics of identity’- is here treated as a normative category, which corresponds to all those

political demands raised today under the banner of a ‘politics of identity’.

OUR FOCUS:

Struggles for recognition

Recognition denotes how the idea of responsibility works based on the relational approach

Presentation title 24

Interpret, translate and elaborate on

representation, struggle for

Recognition and innovative ideas

for participation

Presentation title 25

Child labor still exists in soccer ball

production in Pakistan in 2007

For example, two young girls, approximately 16 and 14 years

of age, had been stitching for the last 5 years. These girls

hailed from a relatively affluent background. Their father had

been a worker in Saudi Arabia and had managed to

accumulate some savings. Then illness struck their mother.

The medical bills accumulated and their savings dwindled.

Eventually, to just make ends meet and put food on the table,

both girls entered the labor market .

“ [I] stitch because I have to take care of the family. Father

died [due to sudden illness]. [I am] Supporting my siblings.

We can either earn at home or we can go ahead to school.

But how can we go ahead? How can we get out of our

situation? How can we go ahead when we have to earn”.

. –( Khan, 2007) [ week 5]

23

Example: corporate ethics - CSR approach and complaince, rights & socio

economic reality and non-recognition and non-representation

Contested compliance regimesThe Rana Plaza Disaster:

? Competing Governance Mechanisms in MSIs:

? The Accord is seen as having stronger worker representation. It aims to ensure the safety and rights of workers by requiring a

legally binding commitment from brands to address worker safety concerns. The Alliance, on the other hand, is a more CSR-

based approach, primarily favored by US corporations, and emphasizes corporate social responsibility over direct worker

involvement.

? The Accord was designed to emphasise worker representation, specifically improving safety conditions through engagement

with labour unions and workers’ organizations.

? The Alliance, by contrast, leans more on corporate compliance, with limited involvement/representation of trade union

federations in the advisory board.

Key Issues:

? Lack of Worker Representation: It has been argued that the Accord did not reflect the principles of a tripartite system, which

implies active participation by workers in decision-making and safety management processes & fails to effectively represent

women workers, who are often marginalized in these compliance frameworks.

27

? Misrecognition of Women Workers:

? There was no representation of women workers/trade union leaders in the Accord

and the Alliance. This exclusion is a critical issue, as it leaves the specific needs of

female workers unaddressed in efforts to improve safety and working conditions.

The Accord's Aims and Limitations:

? The Accord aims to promote sustainable development of “all “across the garment sector,

but it does not clearly address the sustainable development needs of women workers,

who form a significant portion of the workforce in this industry [Non-recognition]

?There is a need for a more inclusive approach that incorporates the voices and needs, but it

does not clearly address the sustainable development needs of women workers, who form a

significant portion of the workforce in this industry.

MSI of compliance needs a more inclusive approach that recognizes the voices and needs of

women workers to ensure truly sustainable and effective improvements.

Presentation title 28

Alamgir & Banerjee (2019). Contested compliance regimes in global production networks: Insights from the Bangladesh garment industry. Human Relations, 72.2:272-297

Compliance Codes and Women Workers’ (Mis)representation and (Non) recognition in the Apparel Industry of Bangladesh Fahreen Alamgir1 · Ozan N. Alakavuklar2 Received: 9 October 2017 / Accepted: 29

November 2018 / Published online: 4 December 2018

Sustainability and Business Ethics and Praxis [

week 1, 2 & 3 ]

? The approach to sustainability and business ethics is based on a comprehensive theory

of responsibility, ethics, and legitimacy, or it implies integrative business ethics.

? Unpacking integrative aspects reveals:

The relationship between business and capitalism by bringing in responsibility

aspects and the functioning of business and society

Feminist perspectives unpack:

Relational recognition and issues of equity and justice to address "domination and

oppression" for a society that recognizes the equal moral worth of all persons by

involving the states and businesses [ corporations].

Under the condition of globalization and its transnational governance, we mark the

emergence of the Multilevel stakeholders’ form of governance.

The role of multinational companies (MNCs) and global organizational assemblages as

we see the formation of ETI, or EITI for the extractive industry –the MSI form of