EEET 3050 - Renewable Energy Systems
Practical 4 - Characteristic of PV Cells with Series and Parallel Resistances
Aim: The aim of this practical is to evaluate the I-V characteristics of a PV cell with (i) series resistance, and (ii) series and parallel resistance using Matlab/Simulink block diagram.
Objectives: Develop the model of a PV cell with a series resistance
Develop a more realistic model of a PV cell considering both parallel and series resistances
Background: The PV cell characteristics can be described by the following equations at 25°C and
the definitions of the terms are illustrated in Fig. 1. Variation of the PV voltage will be given as an external input signal to the model and PV current will be taken as an output. When open circuit, ipv = 0.
Fig.1 Circuit model of an simplified PV cell with a current source and diode
There are times when a more complex PV equivalent circuit than the one shown in Fig. 1 is needed. In Practical 03, the impact of the parallel resistor on the PV cell characteristics was studied. The PV cell illustrated in Fig. 1 can be further modified by including a series resistance. Some of this might be contact resistance associated with the bond between the cell and its wire leads, and some might be due to the resistance of the semiconductor itself.
Fig. 2 illustrates a PV equivalent circuit that includes series resistance RS. The ideal current source ISC in this case delivers current to the diode:
I = (Isc − ID )
Impact of the series resistance can be added as follows:
VD = V + I ∗ Rs
Hence,
I = Isc − Io {(e38.9∗(V+I∗RS) ) − 1}
Above equation can be interpreted as the original I -V curve with the voltage at any given current shifted to the left by ∆V = I ∗ Rs as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2 The PV cell equivalent circuit with series resistance
Fig. 3 Modifying the simplified PV cell equivalent circuit by adding series resistance causes the voltage at any given current to shift to the left by IRS.
Exercise 1
Fig.2 illustrates the circuit model of a PV cell with the series resistance and Fig. 4 illustrates the corresponding Simulink model block diagram. In order to study the impact of the series resistance of the PV cell, you will be developing both simplified PV cell, and the PV cell with RS in the same MATLAB/SIMULINK model and comparing the results by plotting the graphs.
Fig.4 Model block diagram of the simplified PV cell with and without RS resistance in Simulink
Instructions
1. Open MATLAB from ‘Start’ menu.
2. Open the Simulink file “CharacteristicsPV” you saved in Exercise 1. “Save As” the file with the name “CharacteristicsPV_Rs” .
3. Click ‘Simulink Library’ icon in the toolbar to get the window of the Simulink library.
4. Search for the following blocks and drag & drop them into your Simulink file.
• Product, sum, XY graph, simout (To Workspace), mux, gain, constant, repeating sequence, Fcn
5. Keep the simplified PV cell model you build from the previous Exercise.
6. Double click on the “Mux” and enter the number of inputs as 6.
7. Delete the unnecessary connections in the model.
8. Connect all the elements as in Fig. 4.
9. Double click on the “Constant” block and enter ‘1000’ .
10. Double click on the gain and enter ‘1/250’ .
11. Double click on the ‘Sum’ block and enter -+|
12. Double click on the ‘Fcn’ block and enter ‘ 1e-9*(exp(38.9*u)-1)’ .
13. Double click on the ‘Repeating sequence’ and enter the following parameters:
• Time values – [ 0 1 2],Output values – [-0.1 0.6 -0.1]
14. Double click on the ‘I-V Characteristics ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 5.0
15. Double click on the ‘PV power ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 2.0
16. Double click on the ‘To Workspace’ block and select ‘Save format’ as ‘Array’ .
17. Rename all the elements in the model as in Fig. 4.
18. Set the ‘Simulation Stop Time’ in the tool bar to ‘ 1‘ as follows:
19. Run the simulation by clicking on the ‘Run’ icon in the tool bar.
20. Plot PV curves for both PV cell models on the same graph and add labels for axes and title. (hint : refer Practical 1 for plotting graphs in MATLAB)
21. Plot IV curves for both PV cell models on the same graph and add labels for axes and title.
22. Set the minimum x-axis andy-axis limits to zero for both plots.
23. Add legends for both plots.
24. Save all the files.
25. Change the value of ‘Rs’ and observe the variation of the PV curve and IV curve.
Exercise 2
Fig.5 illustrates the circuit model of a PV cell with the parallel resistance and the series resistances. Fig. 6 illustrates the corresponding IV characteristics of the PV cell with both Rp and Rs. The corresponding Simulink model block diagram is illustrated in Fig. 7. In order to study the impact of the parallel and series resistances of the PV cell, you will be developing both simplified PV cell and the PV cell with Rp and Rs in the same MATLAB/SIMULINK model and comparing the results by plotting the graphs.
Fig. 5 The PV cell equivalent circuit with parallel and series resistances
Under the standard assumption of a 25°C cell temperature, current characteristics of a PV cell with both parallel and series resistances can be expressed as follows:
Fig. 6 Series and parallel resistances in the PV equivalent circuit decrease both voltage and current delivered. To improve cell performance, high RP and low Rs are needed.
Fig. 5 Model block diagram of the simplified PV cell and the PV cell with both RS and RP resistances in Simulink
Instructions
26. Open the Simulink file “CharacteristicsPV” you saved in Exercise 1. “Save As” the file with the name “CharacteristicsPV_Real” .
27. Click ‘Simulink Library’ icon in the toolbar to get the window of the Simulink library.
28. Search for the following blocks and drag & drop them into your Simulink file.
• Product, sum, XY graph, simout (To Workspace), mux, gain, constant, repeating sequence, Fcn
29. Keep the simplified PV cell model you build from the previous Exercise.
30. Double click on the “Mux” and enter the number of inputs as 6.
31. Delete the unnecessary connections in the model.
32. Connect all the elements as in Fig. 7.
33. Double click on the “Constant” block and enter ‘1000’ .
34. Double click on the gain and enter ‘1/250’ .
35. Double click on the ‘Sum’ block and enter -+|
36. Double click on the ‘Fcn’ block and enter ‘ 1e-9*(exp(38.9*u)-1)’ .
37. Double click on the ‘Repeating sequence’ and enter the following parameters:
• Time values – [ 0 1 2],Output values – [-0.1 0.6 -0.1]
38. Double click on the ‘I-V Characteristics ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 5.0
39. Double click on the ‘PV power ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 2.0
40. Double click on the ‘To Workspace’ block and select ‘Save format’ as ‘Array’ .
41. Rename all the elements in the model as in Fig. 7.
42. Set the ‘Simulation Stop Time’ in the tool bar to ‘ 1‘ as follows:
43. Run the simulation by clicking on the ‘Run’ icon in the tool bar.
44. Plot PV curves for both PV cell models on the same graph and add labels for axes and title. (hint : refer Practical 1 for plotting graphs in MATLAB)
45. Plot IV curves for both PV cell models on the same graph and add labels for axes and title.
46. Set the minimum x-axis andy-axis limits to zero for both plots.
47. Add legends for both plots.
48. Save all the files.
49. Change the values of ‘Rp’ and ‘Rs’ and observe the variation of the PV curve and IV curve.
Report:
The report should include a brief introduction, all plots with critical analysis and discussion, and a conclusion. The report should be approximately 600 words long, excluding figures, diagrams, and tables.
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