代做SCIE1000代写编程、Python编程调试、代写Python程序设计

日期：2021-05-07 11:12

SCIE1000 Semester One, 2021

Python and Communication Assignment

1 The scenario

A public science museum in St Lucia is planning to update its exhibit. A feature of the museum

is that each exhibit item is accompanied by two explanations, each written for a different audience.

One explanation is pitched to the “science rookie” and the other to the “science enthusiast”. Patrons

read the explanation tailored to the level at which they feel most comfortable. Some characteristics

of a typical audience member in each category are described in Table 1.

Patron Type Typical characteristics

Science Rookie Not familiar with scientific terminology or notation;

will need terminology explained using a simple vocabulary;

is unfamiliar with graphs;

may be a younger person, possibly 10+ years of age;

likes to press buttons.

Science Enthusiast Familiar with common scientific terminology and notation (not overly technical);

will need terminology explained using somewhat sophisticated vocabulary;

is prepared to read longer passages of moderate complexity;

is familiar with graphs;

likes to press buttons.

Table 1: Characteristics of different patrons

The museum is planning an exhibition called “Mother Nature, the Mother of Invention.” The

topic is biomimicry, and the aim is summarised in the following passage from the exhibition prospectus:

With this exhibition we aim to instil in our patrons a sense of wonder at the abilities

displayed by animals to withstand harsh environments. Patrons will learn about mechanisms

by which certain animals can improve the survivability of a group as a whole, and

consider possible developing technologies that mimic these natural behaviours.

Recently, biomimicry research has looked at applying the modelling of emperor penguin huddles

to multi-robot systems, with the aim of improving the survivability of the robot group in harsh

environments [5].

The museum director has asked the SCIE1000 teaching team for help in finding skilled volunteers

to develop exhibit items. Once developed, the items will be maintained and potentially modified

by museum staff, each of whom has a strong background in high-school mathematics, together with

at least a beginners level of Python experience. We assured the director that SCIE1000 students

are skilled at: making mathematical models using a mathematical toolkit familiar to any student

of Mathematical Methods (aka Maths B, or equivalent); writing Python programs, including those

which use arrays, loops, plots and new functions; and communicating scientific information to various

audiences.

1

2 An overview of the task

You will write an interactive Python program that will run on a machine in the exhibition hall

at the new science museum, as part of this exhibition. Your program will guide users to a better

understanding and appreciation of how and why emperor penguins form huddles. The information

you need to create the relevant models is provided in Section 5 of this document, and a high-level

overview of how to complete the task is provided in Section 6.

This assignment requires you to produce and deliver two items:

(D1) A Python code file that satisfies the specifications in Section 7. This includes following the

logical flow laid out in the flow chart provided in Figure 4 (see Page 10).

(D2) An audio-video screencapture file (3-4 minutes long) in which you show your code and communicate

the overview of your approach to museum staff who will need to maintain your code.

3 Submission and grading

Both deliverables (D1) and (D2) are to be uploaded via Blackboard submission link by 2pm on

27 May, 2021. Late submissions without an approved extension will be penalised according to the

policy in the ECP; consult Section 5.3 of the Electronic Course Profile for more information.

Your submitted code will be run and tested as part of this grading process. A rubric (grading

criteria) for this assignment is on Page 11. The file that you submit will be checked using software

which is specially designed to detect plagiarism in code. Consult Section 6.1 of the ECP for more

information and procedures concerning plagiarism.

This assignment has an advanced section which must be attempted by students aiming for

grades of 6 or 7 (see the grading criteria for more explanation). The shaded section of the flow chart

indicates this advanced section, and more information is provided in Section 5.5. If you have any

questions, please contact the course lecturers via Campuswire (see Section 4 below).

4 About getting help

This assignment is a piece of summative assessment, designed to let you demonstrate your level of

mastery of several learning objectives in this course. As such, it is very important that the work you

submit is all your own. This does not mean that you cannot receive help in regards to this assignment,

but that help must be limited to general advice about modelling, Python and communication. This

task sheet has been carefully constructed, and part of your job is to interpret the information it

contains. Some choices have been left to your judgement, and this is intentional.

Remember that you must not look at anyone else’s code and you must not show your code to

anyone. Both of these actions are examples of behaviour that may be considered academic misconduct.

No code from your assignment attempt should be posted on the course Campuswire site, or

any other site, at any time. However, if you have problems with your code, you may develop some

generic sample code that demonstrates the issue that you are having (but does not relate to the

assignment). This can be discussed with others and/or posted to Campuswire for assistance. All

such Campuswire posts should be made visible to all students, so that everyone can see the question

and the answer from lecturers.

2

5 Modelling Emperor Penguin Huddles

5.1 Emperor penguins and breeding

Penguins are flightless birds, with flippers instead of wings, adapted to living in a marine environment.

Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) live on the Antarctic continent and are the largest known

species of penguin, with adults weighing around 40 kg [2]. The emperor penguin is the only bird

that breeds during the Antarctic winter. They breed on sea ice which is well away from the ocean

where these penguins feed. Emperor penguins mate in late April and May. Once a female penguin

lays an egg, she returns to the sea, usually around late May / early June [2]. Male emperor penguins

protect and incubate the egg by placing it carefully between their feet and a fold of their skin; it

takes between 65 ? 75 days for the egg to hatch [2]. This means that by the time the male penguins

finally return to the ocean for food, they have been fasting for about four months [3]. Once a chick

hatches, emperor penguins share parental duties [2].

The museum exhibition is interested in explaining the conditions experienced by a male emperor

penguin, protecting an egg, in a harsh Antarctic winter (approximately June-August).

5.2 Modelling winter temperatures in the Antarctic continent

In 2008, the authors of [9] studied “a medium-sized emperor penguin colony (～ 2000 animals)” close

to Neumayer Antarctic Research Station (70?S 8?W). To model the temperatures faced by emperor

penguins, we will use meteorological data from Neumayer Antarctic Research Station. The table

below is adapted from [4], and is restricted to some of the coldest months of the year.

Month May June July August Sept

Mean temp (?C) ?21 ?22 ?24 ?23 ?23

Max temp (?C) ?2 ?5 ?4 ?4 ?3

Min temp (?C) ?45 ?45 ?46 ?44 ?46

Table 2: Mean, maximum and minimum air temperature values, Neumayer station from 1993-2004

To model the average (mean) daily temperatures in the winter months, we will use a simple model

for the average temperature Tavg (in ?C) over time (in days since 1 June). Our model assumptions

are:

? On 1 June Tavg = ?21?C;

? Tavg declines linearly from 1 June until 16 July, at which point Tavg = ?24?C;

? Tavg increases linearly from 16 July until 31 August, at which point Tavg = ?23?C.

Temperature varies throughout the day as well. In Table 2, we are given the minimum and

maximum temperatures seen in a given month, over about a decade of measurements. A typical

day usually does not vary as drastically as those highest and lowest recorded temperatures; most

measurements were within 8 ? 10?C of the average daily recordings [4]. To model the temperature

at a given time of the day, you may use a sine function, with parameters that you must choose based

on the information provided here.

3

5.3 Wind Chill

When very cold temperatures are combined with winds, the apparent temperature (or wind-chill

temperature) will feel colder than the air temperature. A model for the apparent temperature AT

in ?C, which is used by the National Weather Service in the USA and by Environment Canada (see

for example, [8]) is:

AT = 13.112 + 0.6215T ? 11.37v

0.16 + 0.3965T v0.16

,

where T is the air temperature in ?C and v is the wind speed in km/h (assumed to be at least 5

km/h). Environment Canada recommends the model is only used for air temperatures strictly less

than 0?C [8].

Average wind speeds experienced by emperor penguin colonies are around 15 km/h [3] with

typical maximum wind speeds of about 30 km/h [9]. However, emperor penguins have been known

to endure wind speeds of up to 180 km/h [9].

5.4 Huddling

Emperor penguins form large huddles in order to protect the group from the cold [1, 3, 9, 7]. Huddling

decreases the required energy expenditure of individual penguins [1]. Temperatures inside a huddle

have been found to reach temperatures as high as about 37?C [3].

Huddles can be “loose” or “tight” [3, 6], where a tight huddle has a high density, nearly hexagonal

packing arrangement [9]. The images in Figure 1 are taken from [6] and show examples of emperor

penguin huddles. Huddles are not motionless; even in tight huddles, where individual movement

is not possible, the penguins slowly shuffle as a group. The shape of a tight huddle, when viewed

from above, may be circular or more elongated. As wind speed increases, penguins on the outside

of the huddle receiving the most wind and exposure to the cold will shift along the huddle so that

they move to the back of the huddle, where they are then protected from the wind, creating a more

elongated shape.

Figure 1: Examples of loose (left) and tight (right) emperor penguin huddles.

In a 2008 study of emperor penguins, Gilbert et al.[3] found that wind speed had a positive

impact on the number of loose huddles formed per day and temperature had a significant effect on

the number of tight huddles formed per day.

4

5.5 Details on effects of wind on huddle shape (Advanced Section only)

An enthusiast user is likely to be interested in the modelling done by Waters et al. [7] on the effect of

wind on penguin huddle shapes. The key assumption of their model is that each individual penguin

seeks to reduce its own heat loss. Thus, in their model, a penguin on the boundary of the huddle

exposed to the wind will move downwind, to the leeward side of the huddle in order to be protected

from the wind. In [7], the authors say, “Our model recovers important features of actual huddles such

as their overall shape, downwind motion, and an equal distribution of access to the benefits of the

huddle among penguins.”

Figure 2: Time progression of penguin huddle simulation with 100 penguins [7].

Waters et al. [7] claim

For small [wind speeds], when diffusive effects act to render the temperature distribution

nearly uniform, the aspect ratio is close to one, depicting a more circular huddle. In

contrast, for large [wind speeds], where only a small leeward region is sheltered from the

wind, the aspect ratio is much larger than one, depicting a more elongated huddle....The

wind pushes the heat distribution more narrowly around the huddle, causing the locations

on the upper and lower edges of the huddle to exhibit more heat loss and thus be less attractive

to relocating penguins. As a result, the huddle formation loses a layer of thickness

and becomes more elongated.

The shape of a tight huddle, when viewed from above, may be circular or more elongated and

can be roughly modelled by an ellipse (see Figure 3).

5

Major axis

Minor axis

Figure 3: General shape of an ellipse. The shortest and longest axes are called the minor and major

axis, respectively.

Waters et al. [7] describe the P′eclet number, Pe, as a non-dimensional number that is proportional

to the wind speed and therefore captures the effects of varying the strength of the wind. They used

model simulations to study how huddle thickness w relates to Pe, where the huddle thickness is given

by the number of penguins across the minor axis.

The following data is adapted from simulations in [7] with 400 penguins. You may assume that

the number of penguins across the major axis of the ellipse shape is approximately 400/w.

P′eclet number (Pe) 1 2 10 30 100 300 1000 1100 1200

huddle thickness (w) 20 18 13 9 8 4 4 3 3

Table 3: Huddle thickness against P′eclet number for penguin huddle simulations

6 A detailed overview of the task

Your assignment submission must follow the specifications listed in Section 7. Below, we first give a

high-level overview of how to approach the main section and the advanced section.

To complete the main section, you will need to:

? Find an appropriate mathematical function to model the average winter temperature, for a

given day, using the information provided in Section 5.2. You will write a function average_winter_temp

in your code which implements this model (see Section 7 for specifications).

? Find an appropriate mathematical function to model the winter temperature, which takes account

of daily fluctuations, using the information provided in Section 5.2. You will write a

function winter_temp in your code which implements this model (see Section 7 for specifications).

? You will write a function wind_chill in your code which implements the wind chill model in

Section 5.3 (see Section 7 for specifications).

? According to the main section of the flow chart:

– Print information and ask for user input related to the contexts of Antarctic temperatures,

wind chill and penguin huddles, in a manner accessible for the patron type.

6

– Provide a graph for the enthusiast user for temperatures over the month chosen by the

user.

? Include a description of how you approached this section of your code in your screencapture

video (D2), including (briefly) how you developed your models and the overall code structure.

To complete the advanced section, you will need to:

? Find an appropriate mathematical function to model the simulation data in Table 3. It will be

helpful to consider the log-linear plot and log-log plot of the data, and use one of these in the

development of a model.

? According to the “Advanced section” of the flowchart:

– Provide a graph of the data from Table 3 which also shows the model you have fit to it.

– Provide a brief explanation of your model to the enthusiast user.

– Ask the user to input a P′eclet number and display the rough huddle shape that is predicted.

? Include a description of how you approached this section of your code in your screencapture

video (D2), including how you developed your model for huddle thickness as a function of the

P′eclet number.

7 Specifications for your submitted file

Specifications about the Python:

? Museum staff have supplied a flowchart describing how the program should run (Figure 4 on

Page 10). Your code must be an implementation of the flowchart provided.

? Your code must be well-structured and follow the guidelines for programming practice, as

introduced in SCIE1000.

? Whenever you prompt the user for information, you may assume they enter an appropriate

number, and you can store their answer as a float. You do not need to check for incorrect

inputs.

? You may only use Python commands introduced in SCIE1000. Recall that museum staff

must be able to maintain and modify the code, so you may only use commands that they

understand. Museum staff have a beginner’s level of experience using Python, which you may

regard as the equivalent of a student who has taken SCIE1000. The Python commands you

have covered in this course should be more than sufficient to complete the assignment.

? Museum staff have identified several functions that they think will be useful in possible modi-

fications and extensions of the code. You must define these functions in your code, with

the exact names specified below and which take the same arguments in the order specified. You

should use these functions in your code as appropriate. You may define other new functions as

needed.

7

(a) You must define a function called average_winter_temp which takes one input, days since

1 June (in an appropriate interval), and returns the average daily temperature (in degrees

Celsius) at that day, according to the average winter temperature model from Section 5.2.

(b) You must define a function called winter_temp which takes one input, time since midnight

on 1 June (in an appropriate interval), and returns the temperature at that time, according

to the winter temperature model with daily fluctuations from Section 5.2. You may choose

whether to measure the input in hours or in days (where partial days are accepted input).

(c) You must define a function called wind_chill, which takes two inputs, air temperature

(in degrees Celsius), and wind speed (in km/h), in that order, and returns the apparent

temperature according to the wind chill model in Section 5.3.

? Note that a function called graph_ellipse is already defined in the program template file

(available on Blackboard). The function takes two arguments, a and b, and graphs a figure of

an ellipse with minor axis of length a and major axis of length b. This function is only needed

for completing the advanced section (see the flowchart on Page 10).

Specifications about the communication:

? All messages to the user, including prompts to enter data, should communicate in a manner

appropriate for the level of patron and should serve the purpose of the program.

? You should write no more than a couple of sentences for each piece of information you explain

to the user. Follow the principles for communication in science as described in Appendix B of

the lecture book. Be precise, clear and concise!

? You should use units appropriately in your communication with the user. Make sure you are

aware of the units of values being passed into functions and the units of values being returned

from functions.

? You should include useful and appropriate comments in your code to help the museum

staff who may need to maintain and modify the code. Any variable names and function names

you define should be chosen with communication in mind.

? Whenever you produce a graph you should provide appropriate labels and explanatory

text.

? Your screencapture video should provide a clear overview of how your code works

and why you made the choices you did. This does not replace excellent commenting in

the code. One way to create such a file by opening a Zoom meeting, sharing your screen, and

selecting Record → Record to this computer.

? If you choose to use sources other than those cited in this task sheet, you should include a

bibliography as comments at the end of your code, to show the museum staff maintaining the

code where you obtained any relevant information you used. Any referencing style is fine.

8

File type and file name:

? Your assignment (D1) should be saved as a .py file called InteractivePenguins********.py

with the string ******** replaced by your student number.

? Your screencapture audio/video file (D2) should be saved as Explanation********.mp4

with the string ******** replaced by your student number.

References

[1] Ancel A, Visser H, Handrich Y, Masman D, Le Maho Y (1997) Energy saving in huddling penguins. Nature 385:

304–305.

[2] Australian Antarctic Program. Penguins. https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/

animals/penguins/emperor-penguins/, accessed 13 December 2020.

[3] Gilbert C, Robertson G, Le Maho Y, and Ancel A. (2008) How do weather conditions affect the huddling behaviour

of emperor penguins? Polar Biology 31: 163–169.

[4] K¨onig-Langlo G C. and Loose B. (2007) The meteorological observatory at Neumayer stations (GvN and NM-II),

Antarctica, Polarforschung, 76, 25–38, 2007.

[5] Mina T and Min B-C. (2018) Penguin huddling inspired distributed boundary movement for group survival

in multi-robot systems using Gaussian processes. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE, International Conference on

Robotics and Biomimetics December 12-15, 2018, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

[6] Richter S., et al.(2018) Phase transitions in huddling emperor penguins. J Phys Appl Phys, 51: p. 214002

[7] Waters A, Blanchette, F, Kim AD (2012) Modeling huddling penguins. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50277.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050277

[8] Wind Chill and Humidex Calculators, Government of Canada, https://weather.gc.ca/windchill/wind_chill_e.html,

accessed 12 March 2021.

[9] Zitterbart D P, Wienecke B, Butler J P, and Fabry B. (2011) Coordinated movements prevent jamming in an

emperor penguin huddle. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20260. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020260

9

Print a welcome message that is appropriate for all patrons. Prompt the user to enter their Patron type

Print an introduction about Emperor penguins and this interactive program

Yes

Print a farewell message

No

User is an

“enthusiast”?

Yes

Advanced section

No

If user is an

“enthusiast”?

Yes

Print a general message about winter temperatures.

Calculate the temperature using the function winter_temp and print a useful message.

Prompt the user to select a day of the month.

Display a graph of the winter temperature over the chosen month,

including daily fluctuations.

Print a useful message about wind chill. Prompt the user to enter a wind speed.

Calculate the apparent temperature using wind_chill. Print a useful message.

Print a brief description of emperor penguin huddles. Qualitatively explain

the basic effect of wind speed on the shape of a tight huddle.

Ask the user if they want to choose another winter month.

Prompt the user to select a winter month.

Display a graph of the data on huddle thickness vs Péclet

number, with an appropriate model fit to it. Provide a brief

explanation of this model.

No

Prompt the user to pick or enter a time of day (in at most hourly increments).

Print a useful message about the general predicted temperature that day.

Show the approximate predicted huddle shape, using graph_ellipse.

Prompt the user to enter a Péclet number.

Ask the user if they want to choose another Péclet number.

Yes

No

Figure 4: Flowchart for the interactive program (shaded section indicates the advanced section).

10

Python and Communication Assignment Grading Criteria

Your grades for the Python and Communication sections of the assignment (each on a 1–7 scale) are

calculated by using the grade that best matches your answers for the main sections plus the extra

grades for the advanced sections. Your overall grade will thus be up to a maximum of 14. The table

below shows the criteria for each grade.

Grade Python (1–7) Communication (1–7)

1 The code is limited and displays little understanding

of the modelling involved.

Communication is very poor and would be

difficult to understand by any audience.

2 The code fails to run for any input, does

not meet the specifications, and/or has serious

conceptual errors in the modelling.

The communication of the relevant scientific

information (in the code and to patrons)

is generally poor.

3 The code runs for some expected inputs,

meets at least some of the specifications,

and/or may have some significant conceptual

errors in the modelling.

The communication of the relevant scientific

information (in the code and to patrons)

lacks clarity or is not at the appropriate

level for most target audiences.

4 The code runs without error for most inputs,

mostly meets the specifications, and

mostly represents the mathematical modelling

with perhaps only some conceptual

and/or mathematical errors.

The communication of the relevant scientific

information (in the code, the screencapture

video, and to patrons) is adequate

for most target audiences. There may

be some limitations in the communication

within the code and/or to patrons.

5 The code runs without error for all expected

inputs, largely meets all the specifications,

and accurately represents the

modelling with perhaps only one or two

minor errors.

The communication of the relevant scientific

information (within the code, the

screencapture video, and to patrons) is

mostly clear, fluent, and uses a level and

style appropriate for each target audience.

Advanced Section

0 Not completed, or the advanced code has

significant conceptual errors.

Not completed, or the communication in

the advanced section is poor.

+1 The code for the advanced section runs

with only minor errors and mostly represents

the modelling with some conceptual

or calculation errors.

The level of communication is adequate

throughout the advanced section but

would require some editing before use in

an exhibit. The advanced section is also

communicated in the screencapture video.

+2 The code for the advanced section runs

without error and accurately represents

the modelling with at most one minor error.

The level of communication is clear

throughout the advanced section and

would be suitable for use in an exhibit

with perhaps only one or two small

changes. The advanced section is also

clearly communicated in the screencapture

video.

11