EEET 3050 - Renewable Energy Systems
Practical 3 - Characteristics of PV Cells with and without Parallel Resistance
Aim: The aim of this practical is to evaluate I-V characteristic of a simple PV cell and
investigate the effects of parallel resistance on I-V characteristic using standard MATLAB/SIMULINK block diagram.
Objectives: Representation of mathematical model of a PV cell in Matlab/Simulink
Evaluation of I-V characteristic of the cell with and without parallel resistance
Background: The characteristic of an ideal PV cell (at 250C) can be described by a set of equations
given in the following. The ideal/simplified circuit model of the cell is shown in Fig. 1. The I-V characteristic of the cell can be established by varying the output voltage v PV of the cell through an external input signal and measuring the corresponding output current iPV. Note that iPV = 0 under open circuit condition.
Fig.1 Circuit model of an simplified PV cell with a current source and diode
In practice, a more complex model or an equivalent circuit of a PV cell is used. For example, consider the impact of shading on a string of cells connected in series. If any cell in the string is in the dark (or shaded), it produces no current. In the ideal/simplified circuit as shown in Fig. 1, the current of the current source (of the shaded cell) would become zero and the diode is reversely biased. Thus, the circuit would not allow to flow any current (except a tiny amount of reverse saturation current). In other words, the ideal/simplified equivalent circuit would not allow to deliver any power to a load if only one of the cells is shaded. While it is true that the characteristics of PV modules are very sensitive to shading, the situation is not quite as bad as that. Therefore, a more accurate/complex model of PV cell is required in order to be able to deal with realities such as shading problems.
Fig. 2 illustrates a PV equivalent circuit that includes a parallel leakage resistance Rp. The ideal current source ISC, in this case, delivers current to the diode, the parallel resistance RP, and the load:
The term in the parentheses is the same current as in the simplified model. Therefore, at any given voltage, the parallel leakage resistance causes load current for the ideal model to be decreased by V/RP as is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2 The PV cell equivalent circuit with parallel resistance
Fig. 3 Modifying the simplified PV equivalent circuit by adding parallel resistance
causes the current at any given voltage to drop by V/RP.
Exercise 1
Fig.1 illustrates the circuit model of a simplified PV cell with a current source and a diode. Fig. 4 illustrates the corresponding Simulink model block diagram and the procedure for developing the block diagram is given in the instructions.
Fig.4 Model block diagram of the simplified PV cell in Simulink
Instructions
1. Open MATLAB from ‘Start’ menu.
2. Select ‘New’ → ’Simulink Model’ (or type ‘Simulink’ in the command window) to get a new Simulink window.
3. Click ‘Simulink Library’ icon in the toolbar to get the window of the Simulink library.
4. Search for the following blocks and drag & drop them into your Simulink file.
• Scope, product, sum, X-Y graph, simout (To Workspace), mux, gain, constant, repeating sequence, Fcn
5. Save the File as “CharacteristicsPV” .
6. Double click on the “Mux” and enter the number of inputs as 3.
7. Connect all the elements as in Fig. 4.
8. Double click on the “Constant” block and enter ‘ 1000’ .
9. Double click on the gain and enter ‘1/250’ .
10. Double click on the ‘Sum’ block and enter -+|
11. Double click on the ‘Fcn’ block and enter ‘ 1e-9*(exp(38.9*u)-1)’ .
12. Double click on the ‘Repeating sequence’ and enter the following parameters:
• Time values – [ 0 1 2],Output values – [-0.1 0.6 -0.1]
13. Double click on the ‘I-V Characteristics ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 5.0
14. Double click on the ‘PV power ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 2.0
15. Double click on the scope and click the ‘Parameter’ icon on the toolbar of the scope → Select the ‘ Logging’ tab → untick the box for ‘Limit data points to last’ →Click ‘OK’ . Do this change on all the scopes.
16. Double click on the ‘To Workspace’ block and select ‘Save format’ as ‘Array’ .
17. Rename all the elements in the model as in Fig. 4.
18. Set the ‘Simulation Stop Time’ in the tool bar to ‘ 1‘ as follows:
19. Run the simulation by clicking on the ‘Run’ icon in the tool bar.
20. Double click on all the scopes and observe the parameter variations. Click the ‘Auto scale’ icon on the scope toolbar to view the full simulation.
21. Save all the files.
Exercise 2
Fig.2 illustrates the circuit model of a PV cell with the parallel resistance and Fig. 5 illustrates the corresponding Simulink model block diagram. In order to study the impact of the parallel resistance of the PV cell, you will be developing both simplified PV cell and the PV cell with Rp in the same MATLAB/SIMULINK model, and comparing the results by plotting the graphs.
Fig. 5 Model block diagram of the PV cell with and without RP resistance in Simulink
Instructions
22. Open the Simulink file “CharacteristicsPV” you saved in Exercise 1. “Save As” the file with the name “CharacteristicsPV_Rp” .
23. Click ‘Simulink Library’ icon in the toolbar to get the window of the Simulink library.
24. Search for the following blocks and drag & drop them into your Simulink file.
• Product, sum, X-Y graph, yout (To Workspace), mux, gain, constant, repeating sequence, Fcn
25. Keep the simplified PV cell model you build from the previous Exercise.
26. Double click on the “Mux” and enter the number of inputs as 6.
27. Delete the unnecessary connections in the model.
28. Connect all the elements as in Fig. 5.
29. Double click on the “Constant” block and enter ‘ 1000’ .
30. Double click on the gain and enter ‘1/250’ .
31. Double click on the ‘Sum’ block and enter -+|
32. Double click on the ‘Fcn’ block and enter ‘ 1e-9*(exp(38.9*u)-1)’ .
33. Double click on the ‘Repeating sequence’ and enter the following parameters:
• Time values – [ 0 1 2],Output values – [-0.1 0.6 -0.1]
34. Double click on the ‘I-V Characteristics ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 5.0
35. Double click on the ‘PV power ideal’ XY scope and enter the following parameters:
• Xmin – 0, Xmax – 0.6, Ymin – 0, Ymax – 2.0
36. Double click on the ‘To Workspace’ block and select ‘Save format’ as ‘Array’ .
37. Rename all the elements in the model as in Fig. 5.
38. Set the ‘Simulation Stop Time’ in the tool bar to ‘ 1‘ as follows:
39. Run the simulation by clicking on the ‘Run’ icon in the tool bar.
40. Plot PV curves for both PV cell models on the same graph and add labels for axes and title. (hint : refer Practical 1 for plotting graphs in MATLAB)
41. Plot IV curves for both PV cell models on the same graph and add labels for axes and title. (hint: use ‘hold on’ command to hold previous graph)
42. Set the minimum x-axis andy-axis limits to zero for both plots.
43. Add legends for both plots.
44. Save all the files.
45. Change the value of ‘Rp’ and observe the variation of the PV curve and I-V curve.
Report:
The report should include a brief introduction, all plots with critical analysis and discussion, and a conclusion. The report should be approximately 600 words long, excluding figures, diagrams, and tables.
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